Microdermabrasion Information Microdermabrasion info - Histopathological Studies on Microdermabrasion
Microdermabrasion info - Histopathological Studies on Microdermabrasion |
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Microdermabrasion Information  History of Mircrodermabrasion Microdermabrasion Candidates Microdermabrasion Benefits Microdermabrasion Costs Microdermabrasion Procedure Before A Chemical Peel History of Chemical peels Chemical Peel Procedures Assessment of Skin Type Candidates for Chemical Peel Preparation for Chemical Peel Chemical Peel Procedures Others Procedures...Sponsored Articles
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Home > Microdermabrasion Procedure > Histological Changes  Microdermabrasion Info on Histopathological StudiesThe procedure of microdermabrasion has been widely popular with its universal appeal as a skin resurfacing treatment for is its effectiveness, simplicity, low patient and operator risk, and rapid recovery. The Mcrodermabrasion info provided here on histological and other studies helps to prove the point. The benefits of microdermabrasion have been confirmed by clinical and medical studies. Histologic evaluation reveals relatively little actual abrasion of the skin with the procedure, yet changes are seen in the dermis. Most studies have shown a consistent increase in epidermal thickness as well as changes in the elastin content of the dermis while changes in collagen content have not been observed. Microdermabrasion Info on benefits of the procedures The beneficial effects on skin by the repeated procedures of microdermabrasion are supposedly believed to stem from to 2 actions; (i) the abrasion of tissue by aluminum oxide crystals; and (ii) the effects of a suction line on the skin. But most commonly the changes that are seen in the dermis are believed to be produced by the suction line. Though there are not enough studies available to point towards the exact action of aberrative damage, there is enough histopathological evidence to prove that alterations in the dermis are precipitated by epidermal injury. It is this injury which is responsible for the beneficial effects of microdermabrasion on photoaging and scarring. Disruption of the epidermal barrier caused by microdermabrasion, initiates a repair process that restores barrier function within hours to days, depending on the severity of the damage. This repair process involves increased synthesis of barrier lipids, followed by formation of new corneocytes. Elevated lipid synthesis largely occurs as a result of increased gene expression of the major enzymes responsible for lipid biosynthesis. All these processes contribute towards an increase in the elasticity and tone of the skin. Disruption of Epidermis Barrier Function The support for disruption of epidermal barrier benefit was observed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Regardless of the abrasive used (sodium chloride or aluminum oxide crystals) TEWL scores increased 24 hours after the procedure and decreased slowly with time. This study indicates that microdermabrasion does indeed produce a measurable change in epidermal barrier function, a change which could account for the perceived clinical benefits. In fact, it has also been reported by some authors that skin fibroblasts under tension may increase collagen synthesis. The biopsies of forearm taken from the skin of two subjects taken immediately after one aggressive treatment showed dermal edema, vasodilatation and perivascular inflammation. The treated areas developed significant erythema, and remained in this state for 1 week. Despite the fact that only slight abrasion of the stratum corneum was produced in these two subjects, a visible biologic response lasting for 1 week occurred. It is unlikely that these clinical and histologic changes in the dermis were created by abrasion as a result of the impact of the aluminum oxide crystals; rather, they may have been effects of the suction line. Increase in Sebum Content “Sebumeter” readings showed a significant increase in surface sebum content immediately after each treatment. Silicone impressions revealed a temporary increase in skin roughness and mild flattening of some wrinkles immediately after treatment produced as a result of abrasion of the stratum corneum - the outermost epidermal layer consisting of dead skin cells. A significant decrease in the roughness of the skin was apparent 1 week after the final treatment. Other benefits of microdermabrasion The benefits of microdermabrasion procedures were confirmed by interesting findings from “cutometer” analysis which showed significant decrease in skin stiffness and an increase in skin compliance An increased edema and corresponding increase hydration of the skin was observed because of the skin becoming softer. This finding was similar with that observed the forearm biopsies. Increased orthokeratosis (formation of anuclear keratin layer in the epidermis), mild flattening of the ridge pattern, and persistent edema, vascular ectasia (dilatation of blood vessels) and perivascular inflammation extending to the upper reticular dermis were some of the effects observed after microdermabrasion, that were responsible for the benefits observed with microdermabrasion procedures. Histopathologic Effects of Microdermabrasion Along with patient self assessment, some histopathological studies have also confirmed the benefits of microdermabrsion procedures. In a microdermabrsion study done by Shim and colleagues the acute and chronic effects of microdermabrasion were investigated in different experimental models. Histological examination for acute effects The acute effects were assessed on the ex vivo abdominal skin of an individual with Fitzpatrick skin type V who had an aggressive microdermabrasion procedure with twenty passes performed with each unit. For a comparative control, four-millimeter punch biopsies of skin from the abdomen were taken from untreated skin. The same size of the punch biopsies were taken from treated skin. Histological examination showed the retention of aluminum oxide crystals in the epidermis. Focal compaction, homogenation, and stratum corneum thinning were also observed. Histological examination for chronic effects 4 mm punch biopsies were taken from the dorsal forearm in three subjects before and after a series of six microdermabrasion treatments performed with ten passes each. Hematoxylineosin, Fontana-Masson, elastin, and colloidal iron stains were used for examining the histological sections. Results The histopathological examination showed increased epidermal thickening, a more regular distribution of melanosomes, and less epidermal melanization. Increase in Elastin content was observed in the biopsies of two of three patients. Since the 10 and 20 passes performed at the sites of biopsies far exceeded the 4 -6 passes normally performed on the face, these data can not be directly interpreted with regard to efficacy of facial treatments. The results described above were also confirmed by the Hernandez-Perez and Ibiett study, where biopsies were performed before and after a series of five microdermabrasions in seven patients. The most dramatic change was observed in epidermal thickness. Improvement in thickness ranged from 0.01, to 0.06, to 0.1 mm. Improvement in other epidermal alterations included the polarity of cells, basal cell liquefaction, and atrophic changes. Post treatment, there was improvement in dermal elastosis, edema, and telangiectasias. Tan and colleagues performed 2 mm facial skin biopsies in 2 of 10 patients included in their study. Two additional 3 mm biopsies were taken from two controls on the dorsal and ventral forearm after 4 passes at 65 mm Hg of pressure. Facial post-treatment biopsies showed a significant increase in orthokeratosis and slightly decreased rete ridge patterns of the epidermis. Dermal changes included slight edema, an upper reticular dermal mononuclear cell infiltrate, and vascular ectasia. The investigators postulated that negative pressure may have accounted for the observed vascular changes. Freedman and colleagues also investigated the epidermal and dermal changes associated with microdermabrasion. Significant increase in epidermal thickness was observed in first procedure itself which further increased after three additional treatments. Papillary dermal thickness also increased after three treatments and increased further after six treatments. Other changes observed were flattening of the rete pegs (finger like projections from the dermis), vascular dilation and inflammation, and hyalinization of the papillary dermis with newly deposited collagen and elastic fibers. The histologic features demonstrated throughout this study resembled an active repair process undergoing in the epidermis and dermis. Some other histopathological specimens showed residual stratum corneum. Observation of lymphohistiocytic dermal infiltrates were indicative of a stimulated process which is generally seen as a part of an overall wound healing process. In a study performed by Rubin and Greenbaum 3 mm punch biopsies were taken in three patients before and 1 week after a series of six microdermabrasions. Biopsies here were taken from the right preauricular area. The average treatment consisted of five passes. All patients had some degree of erythema for 12 to 4 hours after each treatment. Biopsies from all patients showed normalization of the stratum corneum, epidermal thickening, and increased collagen deposition in the papillary dermis. Conclusion In spite of differences in methodologies, protocols, and biopsy sites, the cited data suggested common histopathologic trends –
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